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When Did Pennsylvania Enact Universal Background Checks

Written By Monday, June 13, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Background checks for private sales of firearms in the The states

This article is about groundwork checks for individual sales of firearms in the United States. For background checks in general, see Background check.

Proposals for universal background checks would crave almost all firearms transactions in the United States to be recorded and go through the National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS), closing what is sometimes called the private sale exemption. Universal background checks are not required past U.South. federal law, but at least 22 states and the District of Columbia currently crave groundwork checks for at least some individual sales of firearms.

Groundwork [edit]

Federal law requires background checks (through the National Instant Criminal Background Check Arrangement) merely for guns sold through licensed firearm dealers, which account for 78% of all gun sales in the United states. This effigy was published in a 2017 report past the Annals of Internal Medicine which, using a 2015 survey, found that 22% of recent gun transfers (purchased and nonpurchased) were completed without a groundwork check.[1] The authors noted that while this number was less than in years by, it nonetheless indicates that millions of American adults are able to obtain firearms without background checks.[1] The current federal constabulary allows people not "engaged in the business concern" of selling firearms to sell firearms without a license or records. A 2008 report from the Coalition to Stop Gun Violence (CSGV) stated that the National Instant Criminal Groundwork Check Arrangement had prevented over 1.4 million felons and other prohibited persons from purchasing firearms in the years between 1994-2005.[2] According to the CSGV, the law besides has a prohibitive effect, that deters illegal purchases.

In November 1998, President Pecker Clinton directed the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury and the U.South. Attorney General (A.G.) to provide recommendations apropos the fact that 25 percent or more of sellers at gun shows are not required to run background checks on potential buyers. This was called the gun show loophole.[3] : 3, 12 [iv] [5] : 27 Two months later, Gun Shows: Brady Checks and Crime Gun Traces was released.[3] The Secretary and the A.G. made seven recommendations, including expanding the definition of "gun bear witness," and reviewing the definition of "engaged in the business".

After the Columbine Loftier Schoolhouse massacre in April 1999, gun shows and background checks became a focus of national fence.[6] [7] [eight] In May, the executive vice president of the National Rifle Clan (NRA) told the Business firm Judiciary Subcommittee on Criminal offence, "Nosotros think it is reasonable to provide mandatory, instant criminal background checks for every sale at every gun testify."[9] : 118 Those concerned almost the shows believed they were a source of illegally trafficked firearms.[10] [nb 1] Efforts to reverse a key characteristic of the Firearm Owners Protection Human action (FOPA) by requiring criminal background checks and purchase records on private sales at gun shows, which had go prolific in the U.S. since the law's passage in 1986, were unsuccessful.[11] [12]

Private sale exemption [edit]

In the August 5, 2010, issue of The New England Journal of Medicine, researchers Garen J. Wintemute, Anthony A. Braga, and David M. Kennedy, wrote that gun shows account for only a fraction of all U.Southward. gun sales and that a more than constructive strategy would be to brand all private-party gun sales go through the screening and record-keeping processes that FFL dealers are required to do.[13] Their written report ended:

Drawbacks with respect to expense and inconvenience nonetheless, 83% of self-reported gun owners and 87% of the general population endorsed regulation for all private-political party gun sales in a 2008 poll that was conducted for the advocacy arrangement Mayors Against Illegal Guns. Gun owners gave stronger support to this all-inclusive arroyo than to a gun-prove-only proposal in a 2009 poll conducted for the aforementioned organisation. Either proposal would face tough sledding on Capitol Hill. It would therefore seem preferable to move forwards with the version that is near likely to reduce the rates of firearm-related violence.[13]

Following the December xiv, 2012 Sandy Hook Elementary School massacre, there were numerous calls for universal background checks[xiv] [15] [16] to close what is at present referred to every bit the "private auction loophole."[17] [18] [19] In an essay published in 2013, Wintemute said that comprehensive background checks that included private sales would outcome in a simple, fair framework for retail firearms commerce.[twenty] : 103 In February 2014, researchers at the Johns Hopkins Center for Gun Policy and Inquiry reported that after the 2007 repeal in Missouri of a long-continuing law that required all handgun buyers to pass a background check there was a 23 percent increment in firearms homicides.[21]

A 2012 study published in the journal Injury Prevention found that nigh 80% of all firearms used for criminal purposes are obtained through transfers from unlicensed dealers, which are not required to conduct background checks in a majority of states due to the individual sale exemption.[22] A 2016 survey of federal and country prison house inmates by the Bureau of Justice Statistics found that among prisoners who possessed a gun during their offense, 10.1% obtained the gun through a retail source (7.5% gun shop/store, ane.6% pawn shop, 0.viii% gun show, and 0.4% from a plea market); 25.3% obtained the gun from an individual (family fellow member, friend, or other, whether purchased, traded, borrowed, or received as a gift); 43.2% obtained the gun off the street or through the underground market (such equally "markets for stolen goods, middlemen for stolen appurtenances, criminals or criminal enterprises" or people involved in the illegal drug merchandise); 6.iv% obtained the gun through theft; and 17.4% obtained the gun from another source.[23]

In 2017, a study past researchers from Northeastern University and the Harvard School of Public Wellness showed that 22% of American gun owners who had obtained a gun in the previous two years did not undergo a background check earlier doing and then.[24]

Public opinion [edit]

Universal background checks enjoy high levels of public support; a 2016 representative survey found 86% of registered voters in the U.s.a. supported the measure.[25] Five national polls conducted in 2015 show loftier levels of back up for "expanded background checks for gun purchases," with rates varying (93% and 89% support in two Quinnipiac Academy surveys, 92% support in a CBS/New York Times survey, 86% support in a Gallup survey, 85% support in a Pew Research Center survey).[26] A 2015 survey found that more than 90% of Americans supported universal background checks, and that, on average, Americans thought they would exist more than constructive than whatever other gun policy.[27] There is evidence that many Americans incorrectly recall that universal background checks are required by federal police; a 2016 survey institute that 41% of Americans believed this to exist the case. The same survey plant that 77% of Americans supported universal background checks, while only 53% supported stricter gun laws. Based on this data, the authors concluded that "this difference might be attributable to poor awareness of the limitations of existing laws."[28]

In 2015, large majorities of American adults, both Republicans (79%) and Democrats (88%), supported background checks for private sales and at gun shows, according to a Pew Research Center survey.[29] In 2017, strong majorities of American adults, both gun owners (77%) and non-gun owners (87%), supported groundwork checks for individual sales and at gun shows, according to a Pew Research Center survey with an mistake attributable to sampling of +/- two.viii% at the 95% level of confidence.[thirty] In 2018, after the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting in Parkland, Florida, well-nigh all Americans supported universal background checks.[31] [32] 88% of registered voters supported universal groundwork checks, according to a Politico/Morning Consult poll with a margin of mistake +/- 2%.[31] 94% of American voters supported universal background checks, according to a Quinnipiac Academy Polling Institute poll with a margin of error of +/- iii.4%.[32]

A July 2019 poll by NPR institute that 89% of respondents supported groundwork checks for all gun purchases at gun shows or other private sales.[33] An overwhelming majority of Republicans (84%) and Democrats (96%) indicated their support, suggesting there is bipartisan popular consensus on the broad topic in the public.[34]

Opposition [edit]

Gun rights groups such every bit the National Rifle Association and National Shooting Sports Foundation oppose universal groundwork cheque proposals.[35] [36] Opponents of universal groundwork checks argue that existing gun laws are sufficient; that the authorities does not prosecute plenty of the attempted ineligible buyers who are turned away by the current organization; that background checks are an invasion of privacy; and that "transfer" might be defined too broadly.[37] Opponents also maintain that universal background checks would not cease criminal offense[37] [38] and assert that the just style to properly enforce a universal system would be to require a registration database.[38] Gun-rights advocate and author John Lott argues that universal background checks forbid poorer Americans from acquiring guns. Lott said that, as of December 2015, groundwork checks added an constructive cost of $80 (New York), $lx (Washington land), or $200 (Washington, D.C.) to transferring a firearm. Lott argues that universal background checks are an effective taxation on guns and tin prevent less flush Americans from purchasing them, and that this unduly affects poor minorities who alive in high-crime urban areas.[39]

Some local counties have adopted Second Amendment sanctuary resolutions in opposition to universal background check laws.[40] [41]

Effectiveness [edit]

Studies [edit]

Universal background bank check laws were associated with a 14.9% reduction in overall homicides, according to a 2019 study by medical researchers including Michael Siegel of the Boston Academy School of Public Health and David Hemenway of the Harvard T.H. Chan Schoolhouse of Public Wellness published by the Journal of General Internal Medicine. The study authors wrote that "further inquiry is necessary to make up one's mind whether these associations are causal ones".[42]

An October 2018 study conducted by the Violence Prevention Research Programme (VPRP) at UC Davis and the Center for Gun Policy and Research at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health found no change in firearm homicide or suicide rates in the ten years following California's 1991 implementation of comprehensive background checks. The study's control group used firearm and non-firearm mortality data for 32 states that did not implement major firearm policies during the menstruum from 1981-2000. In the study period, firearm suicide rates were ten.ix pct lower in California just a like subtract in non-firearm suicide was also observed. The report found no net departure between firearm-related homicide rates earlier and during the study flow. The study authors identified a number of possible reasons for the null finding, including inadequate reporting of criminal records or other disqualifying information to background-cheque databases (specially pre-2000); a failure past sellers to deport the background check as required by law; and the minor number of persons afflicted by the California police force.[43]

Another study by the VPRP establish that comprehensive background check policies led to increased background checks in Delaware, but non in Colorado or Washington. Not-compliance with the policy may explicate the lack of an increment in the latter 2 states.[44]

A study published in July 2018 found no association between firearm homicide and suicide rates and the repeal of comprehensive background check laws in 2 states. The written report compared rates from synthetic control groups to rates in Indiana from 1981 to 2008 and in Tennessee from 1994 to 2008. Rates from the ii states' study periods were within the range of natural variability. The study also concluded that in order to understand whether comprehensive background checks generally reduce firearm deaths, more prove from other states is needed.[45]

A study published in June 2018 in the Journal of Urban Wellness by authors affiliated with the Violence Prevention Research Program (VPRP) at UC Davis and the Center for Gun Policy and Research at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Wellness found comprehensive groundwork check (CBC) laws not tied to a permit-to-purchase law were associated with an increase in firearm homicide rates but not non-firearm homicide rates.[46] The authors of the study noted, still, that they have "identified no plausible theory to explicate how requiring a prospective firearm purchaser to undergo a background check would result in increased homicide rates."[46] In attempting to explain the unexpected results, the researchers proposed an endogenous human relationship such that states passing the CBC-only laws were doing so in response to already rising firearm homicide rates.[46]

A 2016 study published in The Lancet attempted to measure the impact that 25 unlike state laws had on overall firearm-related mortality, and it found that universal background checks had the strongest overall touch on.[47] Additionally, the researchers' projection of a federally implemented universal groundwork cheque policy predicted that national firearm mortality could driblet from 10.35 deaths per 100,000 people to 4.46 deaths per 100,000 people.[47] A 2015 study published in the American Journal of Public Health constitute that a Connecticut law (enacted in 1995) requiring handgun buyers to undergo a background check (in social club to obtain a required let) "was associated with a 40 per centum decline in gun homicides and a 15 per centum driblet in suicides" during the law's kickoff ten years in effect.[48] A 2014 study published in the Journal of Urban Health found that the 2007 repeal of a "permit-to-purchase" handgun law in Missouri (including the repeal of a background-check requirement) was associated with a 23% increase in the firearm homicide rate and a 15% increase in the murder charge per unit, translating "to increases of between 55 and 63 homicides per yr in Missouri."[49] The report controlled for other variables that might touch homicides, including "changes in rates of unemployment, poverty, incarceration, burglary, law enforcement officers per capita, and the presence of 4 other types of state laws."[49] A 2013 written report published in the JAMA Internal Medicine analyzed various types of firearm legislation across the U.S. from 2007-2010 and firearm-related deaths across all 50 states, and ended that stronger groundwork checks were associated with lower overall firearm fatality rates.[50]

Scholarly surveys [edit]

In a survey published by the New York Times in January 2017, a console of 32 scholars of criminology, public health, and law rated universal background checks every bit the most effective policy to prevent gun deaths, ranking it #1 of 29 possible gun-related policies (7.3 on a 10-point effectiveness scale).[51] In a subsequent expert survey published in October 2017 on policies to curb mass shooting deaths specifically, the expert panel ranked universal checks for gun buyers and universal checks for armament buyers as 6.6 and 6.five (on a 10-point effectiveness scale), respectively, ranking them equally the fifth- and 6th-near effective of 20 gun-policy proposals.[52]

A survey by Arthur Berg, Gary Mauser, and John Lott, published in the winter 2019-2020 edition of the Cato Found quarterly Regulation, asked respondents (38 criminologists, 32 economists, and fifty public health researchers who had published an empirical study on firearms in a peer-reviewed periodical) to rank the furnishings of 33 firearms policies (20 policies in the New York Times in 2017, plus 8 additional policies that would loosen gun regulation, and v additional restrictive policies) on reducing murder rates and mass shootings. (Berg, Mauser, and Lott asked most "murder rates" rather than gun homicides because they made the assumption that stricter gun laws would not affect the homicide rate.) Respondents ranked universal groundwork checks 13th and 14th for reducing the murder charge per unit and reducing mass shootings, respectively. Public health researchers were substantially likelier than economists and criminologists to charge per unit universal groundwork checks as effective.[53]

Implications for mental health counseling [edit]

Universal background check laws, which require that a background check be conducted before whatsoever gun transfer, may employ to temporary removals of guns from the home of suicidal individuals. Some clinicians have reported that these laws have created confusion virtually whether a gun transfer would be legal, and therefore made it more difficult for them to counsel their patients.[54]

States with universal groundwork check laws [edit]

As 2022, 21 states and District of Columbia crave background checks for at least some individual sales of firearms; of these, 16 states and the District of Columbia require background checks for all gun sales.[55]

Jurisdiction Summary from Giffords Law Center[55]
California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Maryland, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, Virginia, Vermont, Washington, and the Commune of Columbia "Mostly require universal background checks at the signal of auction for all sales of all classes of firearms, whether they are purchased from a licensed dealer or an unlicensed seller."[55] New Mexico and Virginia law includes an exemption for "transfers that are not made for a fee or other remuneration."[55]
Pennsylvania Requires groundwork checks at the signal of sale for handguns, but not for long guns.[55]
Hawaii, Illinois, and Massachusetts "Crave all firearm purchasers to obtain a permit, issued after a background check, in lodge to buy whatever firearm" (this requirement is in lieu of a signal-of-auction background cheque, although Illinois does requires a point-of-sale groundwork check for all purchasers at gun shows.[55]
New Jersey "Requires firearm purchasers to both obtain a permit to purchase a firearm and, if the purchase is from an unlicensed seller, comport the transaction through a federally-licensed firearms dealer."[55]
Michigan, Nebraska, and North Carolina "Let and groundwork bank check requirement for handgun purchases just not long-gun purchases."[55]

In Maine, a 2016 referendum to require background checks on private sales failed after a closely fought campaign, with "yep" gaining 48.2% of the vote and "no" gaining 52.8% of the vote.[56] [57] In 2014, a plebiscite in Washington state to require background checks on private sales (Initiative Measure No. 594) passed,[55] with "yes" gaining 59.three% of the vote and "no" gaining twoscore.vii% of the vote.[58]

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ A report released in 2009, 10 years subsequently Columbine, discussed the role that gun shows play in trafficking to Mexico.[5]

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b Matthew Miller, Physician, ScD; Lisa Hepburn, PhD; Deborah Azrael, PhD. "Firearm Conquering Without Background Checks". Annals of Internal Medicine . Retrieved February twenty, 2017. {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  2. ^ "America'due south Gun Shows: Open up Markets for Criminals" (PDF). Coalition to Stop Gun Violence & Educational Fund to Stop Gun Violence. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-11-27.
  3. ^ a b U.S. Department of the Treasury, U.Southward. Department of Justice (Jan 1999). "Gun Shows: Brady Checks and Criminal offense Gun Traces" (PDF). atf.gov. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF). Retrieved June 27, 2014. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  4. ^ "Gun Prove undercover" (PDF). October 2009. p. 11. Retrieved June 26, 2014.
  5. ^ a b "Firearms Trafficking: U.S. Efforts to Gainsay Arms Trafficking to United mexican states Face Planning and Coordination Challenges" (PDF). gao.gov. Us Government Accountability Part (GAO). June 2009. GAO-09-709. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
  6. ^ "The contend on gun policies in U.Due south. and midwest newspapers". Berkeley Media Studies Group. January 1, 2000.
  7. ^ National Briefing of State Legislatures (June one, 2000). "Colorado After Columbine The Gun Debate". The Free Library by Farlex. Gale Group.
  8. ^ "No Questions Asked: Background Checks, Gun Shows, and Criminal offense" (PDF). Americans for Gun Safety Foundation. April 1, 2001.
  9. ^ LaPierre, Wayne (May 27, 1999). "Argument of Wayne LaPierre, Executive Vice President, National Rifle Association at Pending Firearms Legislation and the Assistants's Enforcement of Electric current Gun Laws: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Crime of the Committee of the Judiciary of the Firm of Representatives One Hundred Sixth Congress First Session". commdocs.firm.gov. Washington, D.C. Retrieved July four, 2014. No loopholes anywhere for anyone.
  10. ^ "Following the Gun: Enforcing Federal Laws Against Firearms Traffickers" (PDF). Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF). June 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 31, 2003.
  11. ^ Olinger, David (February 13, 2000). "Dealers live for gun shows". Denverpost.com . Retrieved January 29, 2015.
  12. ^ Baum, Dan (June 8, 2000). "What I saw at the gun show". rollingstone.com . Retrieved Jan 30, 2015.
  13. ^ a b Wintemute, Garen J.; Braga, Anthony A.; Kennedy, David M. (August five, 2010). "Private-Party Gun Sales, Regulation, and Public Safe". The New England Journal of Medicine. Massachusetts Medical Society. 363 (6): 508–511. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1006326. PMID 20592291. S2CID 40954102. Published online at nejm.org on June 30, 2010.
  14. ^ Hartfield, Elizabeth (December 24, 2012). "In Gun Control Contend, Arguments for Tougher Background Checks, Better State Reporting". ABC News Internet Ventures. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
  15. ^ Sullum, Jacob (January 11, 2013). "4 Questions About 'Universal Background Checks' for Gun Purchases". Reason.com (Weblog). Reason Foundation. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
  16. ^ More universal sources:
    • Avlon, John (January 12, 2013). "Gun contend still rages after Sandy Hook slaughter". The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Grouping. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
    • Sullivan, Cheryl (January 12, 2013). "Gun fence 101: Time for 'universal' groundwork checks on buyers?". Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved June 27, 2014.
    • Martinez, Michael (January 28, 2013). "'Universal background check:' What does it mean?". Cable News Network. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
  17. ^ Fisher, Kristin (December 15, 2011). "Illegal Cyberspace Gun Sales are Soaring in Virginia". WUSA9. Archived from the original on Feb 8, 2015. Retrieved February 7, 2015. These Cyberspace sales really are the new gun shows.
  18. ^ Shapiro, Eliza (November 29, 2012). "Gun-Command Lobby Targets Obama, Demands Reform". Daily Beast.
  19. ^ More than private sale loophole sources:
    • Kirkham, Chris (December 21, 2012). "Individual Gun Sale Loophole Creates Invisible Firearms Market, Prompts Calls For Reform". The Huffington Post.
    • "Universal Groundwork Checks & the Individual Sale Loophole Policy Summary". Smart Gun Laws. Police force Centre to Prevent Gun Violence. August 21, 2013. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
    • Taylor, Marisa (December 22, 2014). "Gun law loophole could have provided Brinsley'south murder weapon, say experts". Al Jazeera America. Through something known as the individual sale loophole, he could have purchased the firearm in the private marketplace at a gun bear witness or out of someone'south body.
    • Dobbs, Taylor (January 16, 2015). "Gun Rights Group Slams Proposed Legislation". Vermont Public Radio.
  20. ^ Wintemute, Garen J. (2013). "Comprehensive Background Checks for Firearm Sales: Bear witness from Gun Shows". In Webster, Daniel W.; Vernick, Jon Southward. (eds.). Reducing Gun Violence in America. JHU Printing. pp. 95–107. ISBN978-1-4214-1110-i. OCLC 823897002.
  21. ^ Webster, Daniel (Feb 18, 2014). "ID Check Repeal Prompts Spike In Murders, Written report Finds". All Things Considered (Interview). Interviewed by Audie Cornish. NPR. Retrieved June 30, 2014.
  22. ^ Vittes, Katherine A.; Vernick, Jon Due south.; Webster, Daniel West. (2012). "Legal status and source of offenders' firearms in states with the to the lowest degree stringent criteria for gun ownership". Injury Prevention. 19 (1): 26–31. doi:x.1136/injuryprev-2011-040290. ISSN 1475-5785. PMID 22729164.
  23. ^ Mariel, Alper (May 27, 2022). "Source and Apply of Firearms Involved in Crimes: Survey of Prison house Inmates, 2016" (PDF). bjs.ojp.gov. p. 7. Retrieved May 27, 2022.
  24. ^ Miller, Chiliad; Hepburn, Fifty; Azrael, D (3 January 2017). "Firearm Conquering Without Background Checks: Results of a National Survey". Annals of Internal Medicine. 166 (four): 233–239. doi:10.7326/M16-1590. PMID 28055050.
  25. ^ Bui, Quotrung; Sanger-Katz, Margot (January 10, 2017). "How to Prevent Gun Deaths? Where Experts and the Public Concur". The New York Times . Retrieved August 23, 2019.
  26. ^ Carroll, Lauren (v January 2016). "Laura Ingraham wrongly says merits that 90% support for gun background checks has been debunked". Politifact . Retrieved 7 January 2016.
  27. ^ Sorenson, Susan B. (October 2015). "Assessing views about gun violence reduction policy: A look at type of violence and expected effectiveness". Preventive Medicine. 79: fifty–54. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.04.025. PMID 25952054.
  28. ^ Aronow, Peter M; Miller, Benjamin T (January 2016). "Policy misperceptions and support for gun control legislation". The Lancet. 387 (10015): 223. doi:x.1016/S0140-6736(xvi)00042-eight. PMID 26842292.
  29. ^ Fingerhut, Hannah (January v, 2016). "5 facts about guns in the United States". Pew Research Center. Retrieved March 29, 2018.
  30. ^ Parker, Kim; Menasce Horowitz, Juliana; Igielnik, Ruth; Oliphant, Baxter; Brown, Anna (June 22, 2017). "America's Circuitous Relationship With Guns". Pew Research Center. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
  31. ^ a b Shepard, Steven (February 28, 2018). "Gun command support surges in polls". Pol. Retrieved March xix, 2018. Eighty-eight per centum support requiring background checks on all gun sales.
  32. ^ a b "Poll Release May 22, 2019". Quinnipiac University Polling Institute. May 22, 2019. Retrieved September 3, 2019. 94 Percent Dorsum Universal Gun Background Checks
  33. ^ "Americans Largely Support Gun Restrictions To 'Exercise Something' Near Gun Violence". NPR.org . Retrieved 2020-12-09 .
  34. ^ "Poll: Americans Non Sold On Trump — Or Democrats". NPR.org . Retrieved 2020-12-09 .
  35. ^ Tom Hamburger & Josh Dawsey, "Trump tells NRA primary that universal groundwork checks are off the tabular array", Washington Post (August 20, 2019).
  36. ^ Brendan J. Lyons & Dan Freedman, "Cuomo, 11 other Democratic governors urge tighter gun regulations", Olean Times Herald (September 10, 2019).
  37. ^ a b Practiced, Chris (April 10, 2013). "The Case Confronting Gun Background Checks". ABC News Internet Ventures. Retrieved June thirty, 2014.
  38. ^ a b G&A online editors (May 28, 2013). "NRA Members: Universal Groundwork Checks 'Non a Solution'". Guns & Ammo. Intermedia Outdoors. Retrieved June thirty, 2014. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  39. ^ Lott, John (2015-12-03). "Mass Shootings and Gun Control". National Review.
  40. ^ "Daily Bulletin: Students Prep the Next Round of School Walkouts for Gun Reform". The Trace . Retrieved 2019-03-09 .
  41. ^ "New Mexico governor enacts expanded gun background checks". Las Cruces Sun-News . Retrieved 2019-03-09 .
  42. ^ Siegel, Michael; Pahn, Molly; Xuan, Ziming; Fleegler, Eric; Hemenway, David (March 28, 2019). "The Impact of State Firearm Laws on Homicide and Suicide Deaths in the USA, 1991–2016: a Panel Study". Periodical of General Internal Medicine. 34 (10): 2021–2028. doi:10.1007/s11606-019-04922-x. PMC6816623. PMID 30924089.
  43. ^ Castillo-Carniglia, Alvaro; Kagawa, Rose Chiliad.C.; Cerdá, Magdalena; Crifasi, Cassandra; Vernick, Jon Southward; Webster, Daniel W; Wintemute, Garen J. (2019). "California'south comprehensive background check and misdemeanor violence prohibition policies and firearm mortality". Annals of Epidemiology. 30: 50–56. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2018.10.001. PMID 30744830.
  44. ^ Wintemute, Garen J.; Cerdá, Magdalena; Vernick, Jon S.; Webster, Daniel Due west.; Kagawa, Rose Chiliad. C.; Castillo-Carniglia, Alvaro (2018-12-01). "Comprehensive background bank check policy and firearm background checks in iii US states". Injury Prevention. 24 (six): 431–436. doi:10.1136/injuryprev-2017-042475. ISSN 1353-8047. PMID 28986427.
  45. ^ Kagawa, Rose One thousand.C.; Castillo-Carniglia, Alvaro; Vernick, Jon S.; Webster, Daniel W.; Crifasi, Cassandra; Rudolph, Kara E.; Cerdá, Magdalena; Shev, Aaron; Wintemute, Garen J. (2018). "Repeal of Comprehensive Background Bank check Policies and Firearm Homicide and Suicide". Epidemiology. 29 (4): 494–502. doi:10.1097/EDE.0000000000000838. PMID 29613872. S2CID 4594013.
  46. ^ a b c Crifasi, C.K., Merrill-Francis, 1000., McCourt, A. et al. "Association between Firearm Laws and Homicide in Urban Counties." J Urban Health (2018) 95: 383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-018-0273-three
  47. ^ a b Kalesan, Bindu; Mobily, Matthew East; Keiser, Olivia; Fagan, Jeffrey A; Galea, Sandro (2016-04-30). "Firearm legislation and firearm mortality in the Usa: a cross-sectional, state-level study". The Lancet. 387 (10030): 1847–1855. doi:ten.1016/S0140-6736(15)01026-0. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 26972843. S2CID 21415884.
  48. ^ Rudolph, Kara E.; Stuart, Elizabeth A.; Vernick, Jon S.; Webster, Daniel W. (2015). "Association Between Connecticut's Let-to-Purchase Handgun Police force and Homicides". American Journal of Public Health. 105 (8): e49–e54. doi:ten.2105/AJPH.2015.302703. PMC4504296. PMID 26066959.
  49. ^ a b Webster, Daniel; Kercher Crifasi, Cassandra; Vernick, Jon S. (2014). "Effects of the repeal of Missouri's handgun purchaser licensing constabulary on homicides". Journal of Urban Health. 91 (two): 293–302. doi:10.1007/s11524-014-9865-8. PMC3978146. PMID 24604521.
  50. ^ Fleegler, Eric W.; Lee, Lois One thousand.; Monuteaux, Michael C.; Hemenway, David; Mannix, Rebekah (2013-05-13). "Firearm Legislation and Firearm-Related Fatalities in the United States". JAMA Internal Medicine. 173 (9): 732–40. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.1286. ISSN 2168-6106. PMID 23467753.
  51. ^ Quoctrung Bui & Margot Sanger-Katz (January 10, 2017). "How to Foreclose Gun Deaths? Where Experts and the Public Hold". New York Times.
  52. ^ Margot Sanger-Katz & Quoctrung Bui. (October 5, 2017). "Experts poll on reducing mass shooting deaths". New York Times.
  53. ^ Lott, John R. and Berg, MD, Arthur and Mauser, Gary A., Skillful Views on Gun Laws, Regulation (Winter 2019-2020).
  54. ^ McCourt, AD; Vernick, JS; Betz, ME; Brandspigel, S; Runyan, CW (ane January 2017). "Temporary Transfer of Firearms From the Domicile to Preclude Suicide: Legal Obstacles and Recommendations". JAMA Internal Medicine. 177 (1): 96–101. doi:x.1001/jamainternmed.2016.5704. PMID 27842186.
  55. ^ a b c d e f g h i Universal Background Checks, Giffords Constabulary Center to Prevent Gun Violence (accessed June 12, 2022).
  56. ^ Kevin Miller, "Proposed expansion of gun groundwork checks defeated", Portland Press Herald (November 8, 2016).
  57. ^ "November 8, 2016 Plebiscite Election: Official Results", Maine Department of the Secretary of State, Bureau of Corporations, Elections & Commissions.
  58. ^ "Nov 4, 2014 General Election Results: Initiative Measure No. 594: Concerns groundwork checks for firearm sales and transfers", Washington Secretary of State.

Further reading [edit]

  • Editorial board (February 18, 2014). "Missouri report shows why we demand universal gun background checks". Chicago Lord's day-Times. Sunday-Times Media. Retrieved June 30, 2014.
  • Krouse, William J. (March 1, 2013). "Gun Control Proposals in the 113th Congress: Universal Background Checks, Gun Trafficking, and Military Manner Firearms" (PDF). U.Southward. Section of State . Retrieved Feb 17, 2015.

When Did Pennsylvania Enact Universal Background Checks,

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